grepのよく使うオプションまとめ
Posted: 2018-06-07
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目次
- 1. 一致した行の前後も一緒に表示する(-A, -B -数字)
-
2. 行数を表示する ( -c)
背景
linuxで最も使うコマンドの一つがgrepです。特にサーバの運用者はログを見たり設定ファイルのチェックをしたりする時に、息をするように使っているかと思います。ということで今回はよく使うオプションをメモしておきたいと思います。
大前提: grepとは
linuxのコマンドの一つで、
文字列を検索するために使うコマンドです。検索元は標準入力やファイルが指定可能です。
ちなみに"grep"という名称の由来は「global regular expression print」の略だそうです。よく使うオプションの紹介
今回は以下のようなファイルを例にオプションをご紹介します。
# cat grep.txt 1. aaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa 2. bbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbb 3. cccccccccccccccccccccccccccccc 4. dddddddddddddddddddddddddddddd 5. eeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeee1. 一致した行の前後も一緒に表示する(-A, -B -数字)
通常、grepは検索文字列と一致した行だけを表示しますが、このオプションを付けると一致行の前 or 後ろ or 前後 の行も表示させることができます。
一致行の後ろの行も表示したい( -A)
grep -A 1 "3." grep.txt結果
# grep -A 1 "3." grep.txt 3. cccccccccccccccccccccccccccccc 4. dddddddddddddddddddddddddddddd一致行の前の行も表示したい( -B)
grep -B 1 "3." grep.txt結果
2. bbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbb 3. cccccccccccccccccccccccccccccc一致行の前後両方の行を表示したい( -数字)
grep -1 "3." grep.txt結果
2. bbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbb 3. cccccccccccccccccccccccccccccc 4. dddddddddddddddddddddddddddddd2. 行数を表示する ( -c)
次のオプションは一致した文字列を表示するのではなく、一致した文字列の数を表示するオプションです。
初心者の頃はgrep "文字列" | wc -lというようにパイプでつなげてwcで行数を表示していましたが、実はgrepコマンドだけでできると知って衝撃を受けたことを覚えています。grep -c "3." grep.txt結果
13. 大文字・小文字の違いを無視する ( -i)
通常linuxは大文字/小文字を別の文字として認識しますので、grepでも同様です。しかしmacアドレスなど大文字で書かれてるか小文字で書かれてるかわからないパターンでは困ることがたまにあります。
そんなときには大文字小文字のどちらでもヒットする -i オプションを使います。grep -i "A" grep.txt結果
1. aaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa
ちなみにオプションを付けないと何も引っかかりません。grep "A" grep.txt結果
4. 正規表現を一切考慮しない ( -F)
grepはデフォルトでは正規表現を考慮してくれます。しかし特殊文字を文字列として検索したい場合にはこれが邪魔になることがあります。そんな時は -F オプションを付けます。
grep -F "[1-3]" grep.txt結果ですが、何も表示されません。
オプションを付けない場合、[数字-数字]というのは数字の範囲指定になるので、1～3が引っかかります。grep "[1-3]" grep.txt結果
1. aaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa 2. bbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbb 3. ccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccちなみに私は -Fを付けると普通のgrepより速いと思っていたのですが、この記事を書く時に実際に試したところ、
特に速くならないことがわかりました。。5. 一致する場合ファイル名だけを表示する ( -l)
次は少し毛色が違いますが、複数のファイルを検索する時、一致した箇所ではなく、
ファイル名だけを表示するオプションになります。つまりこういうことです。
grep -l "3." grep.txt結果
grep.txtこのようにファイル名だけが表示されます。
6. 一致した箇所の行番号を表示
大きなファイルを検索するときなど、複数箇所でマッチすることがある場合などに使います。
$ grep -n "3." grep.txt結果
3:3. cccccccccccccccccccccccccccccc
以上、grepのよく使うオプションのまとめでした。
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Что такое дом престарелых?
Дом престарелых, также называемый учреждением квалифицированного сестринского ухода (SNF), представляет собой тип стационарного ухода, который обеспечивает круглосуточный уход за людьми, которые не могут позаботиться о себе. Дома престарелых обычно являются частью более крупных сообществ с престарелыми, которые обеспечивают непрерывный уход за пожилыми людьми.
Дома престарелых обычно обеспечивают трехразовое питание, помощь в повседневной жизни (например, купание и одевание), а также доступ к физиотерапии, трудотерапии и логопедии на месте. В большинстве домов престарелых также проводятся общественные мероприятия и экскурсии для жителей.
Дома престарелых регулируются государственными и федеральными агентствами, чтобы гарантировать, что они соответствуют определенным стандартам ухода. Все дома пансионат для пожилых
престарелых должны иметь лицензию штата, в котором они работают.
Виды домов престарелых.
Существует множество типов домов престарелых, каждый из которых имеет свои уникальные особенности. Наиболее распространенным типом дома престарелых является традиционный дом престарелых. Эти дома обеспечивают круглосуточный уход за жильцами, которые не в состоянии позаботиться о себе. Традиционные дома престарелых также предлагают множество социальных и развлекательных мероприятий для жителей.
Другой тип дома престарелых – это дом престарелых. Эти объекты обеспечивают более независимый образ жизни жителей, но при этом предлагают некоторую помощь в решении повседневных бытовых задач. Жильцы домов престарелых обычно имеют собственные квартиры или комнаты, и они могут приходить и уходить, когда им заблагорассудится.
Учреждения по уходу за памятью — это еще один тип домов престарелых, которые специализируются на уходе за людьми с болезнью Альцгеймера или другими формами слабоумия. дом престарелых Эти объекты предлагают безопасную и надежную среду, а также специализированные мероприятия и программы, призванные помочь жителям сохранить свои умственные способности.
Кто живет в домах престарелых?
Для пожилых людей и людей с хроническими заболеваниями дома престарелых являются жизненно важной частью системы здравоохранения. Они предоставляют людям возможность получать круглосуточный уход и помощь в повседневной жизни.
В домах престарелых обычно живут пожилые люди, хотя в этих учреждениях также живут молодые люди с ограниченными возможностями. Согласно Национальному исследованию домов престарелых, по состоянию на 2016 год в домах престарелых в США проживало около 1,4 миллиона человек. Большинство проживающих в домах престарелых — женщины (75 процентов).
Хотя большинству жителей 65 лет и старше, некоторые молодые люди с ограниченными возможностями живут в домах престарелых. По данным Medicaid.gov, около 10 процентов обитателей https://dom-prestarelyh-vrn2.ru домов престарелых моложе 65 лет.
Недостатки домов престарелых.
Дома престарелых имеют ряд недостатков. Во-первых, они могут быть довольно дорогими. Другое дело, что качество обслуживания может сильно различаться от одного учреждения к другому. Кроме того, дома на сайте https://dom-prestarelyh-samara2.ru престарелых могут быть довольно изолированными для жителей, у которых может не быть много посетителей. Наконец, дома престарелых могут быть не в состоянии обеспечить уровень ухода, в котором нуждаются некоторые жильцы.
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